Issues that arise in research

Issues that arise in research It is becoming more common to talk about including childrens perspectives in review of childrens services and this is particularly the case for young children. The traditional method often required imagination if experiences and views of young children are to be taken into consideration by adults. Mosaic Approach is a particular framework for listening to very young children, under five years of age. It is an approach, which acknowledges children and adults as co-constructors of meaning. It is an approach, which can combine the visual with the verbal. The Mosaic is a multi-method which uses childrens own photographs, child-led tours and map making. The approach which combines the traditional research tools of observation and interviewing with participatory methods. The method is combined with talking and observing children to gain a deeper understanding of childrens perspectives in their early childhood. The approach has the potential to use with older children, especially those with communication difficulties or for whom English is an additional language. Clark quotes there are three main theoretical starting points for this research approach, each based on notions of competency. (Clark, 2004, pg 142). As children have their own time and activities Clark acknowledges that children have important perspectives to contribute about their own lives. This view of competency is in contrast to other research models which Qvortrup has pointed out, which can often exclude the voices of children. Qvortrup states that, children are often denied the right to speak for themselves either because they are held incompetent in making judgements or because they are thought of as unreliable witness about their own lives. (Qvortrup et al., 1994: 2) Critically, it is important to consider the use of the term research with children rather than on or for children as a way of highlighting child expertise and ability to collaborate. In the past, much research was conducted on children but relatively little with them (Masson, 2004, pg 4). Lahman quotes has call ed for child-centered research and sees children as subjects and not objects. This reveals a discussion of whether research has been on or for children (Lahman, 2008, pg 295). Lehman also stresses the importance of providing children opportunities to interpret data and reflect on tentative findings, which has been done through follow-up interviews and focus groups where findings and data previously collected are brought to the children to discuss. Similarly, Kay et al. (2003) has characterised this as (re)presentation, meaning that child participants are presented with representations of research data in order to gain their input so the researcher may (re)present their data as informed by the childrens input. The framework consists of a Multi-method, which recognises the different languages or voices of children. The Participatory method treats children as experts and agents in their own lives while the Reflexive method includes children, practitioners and parents in reflecting on meanings and addresses the question of interpretation. The adaptable method can be applied to a variety of early child-hood institutions which can be embedded into practice; this method is a framework for listening which has the potential to be both used as an evaluative tool and to become embedded into early years practice. Finally, the focussed on childrens lived experiences method looks at lives rather than knowledge gained or care received. A major influence in developing this approach has been the methods used in the participatory appraisal. Participatory appraisal is about empowering poorer communities to have a voice for changes within their communities. A range of methodologies are used, which dont rely on written words and assumed as competency. This often led the development of imaginative tools that enabled illiterate adults to speak and the same trigger has spurred the development the Mosaic approach with young children. The aim is to find practical ways to contribute to the development of services that are responsive to the voices of the child and which recognises childrens competencies. Clark states The approach developed as a multi-developed model which was important to include o range of methods in order to allow children with different abilities and interests to take part. (Clark, 2004, pg 144). There is a two stage approach, firstly children and adults gather documentation and practitioners and parents/carers reflect on what they think life is like for the children. The second stage pieces together information for dialogue, reflection and interpretation and practitioners and parents listen to the childrens own perspectives. In so far as we should choose those methods based around the ages of our participants, ethical issues will also underpin our choices of method. With interviewing, if you interview a 4 year old, you may exclude the other children. However, Lahman points out that using conventional one-on-one interviews would have meant missing most of the kids ways of expressing themselves. (Lahman, 2008, pg 294). However, as Clark states those who know the pe rsonalities of the children need sit alongside the participatory tools in the Mosaic approach in order to build a more detailed understanding of young childrens experiences. (Clark, 2004, pg 146). It is always preferable to be with children in their context, so naturally occurring conversations can occur in the context of the childrens lives. However, there are occasions when due to time, money or the topic, formal interviews may be required. When moving to a formal interview, the child/researcher power deferential be inherently emphasised and the researcher risks controlling the interview in a manner that produces what the child believes the adult wishes to hear. Researchers may wish to allow the child to choose where they want the interview to occur and allow the child to hear their voice recording and handle the recording equipment. When conducting focus groups, friendship may be the most important factor for composing groups. Children talking together replicate the small group s etting that they are familiar within the classroom where conversations can appear to flow effortlessly. A child could also lead the focus group with adults being present in a listening role. Encouraging children to interview their friends, as research is also a way to minimize the researchers power. Eliciting and understanding childrens views has become increasingly important for a range of reasons including legal, political and academic issues. Critically, new paradigms in social science have encouraged the views of children as social actors, playing an active role in shaping their environment. Research has suggested that children are more competent than previously thought in their ability to comment on their own lives, and be involved in making decisions. Yet, theories of child development are often cited as the reason why young children cannot be consulted and not able to understand the issues or make meaningful contributions. An alternative approach would be to assume that young children might not understand enough to be consulted on particular matters, or on some aspects of them, or indeed that they may be able to understand if they are asked in a different way. Adhering to participatory research principles requires a coherent and consistent approach to the research design, notably the practical considerations of generating data in appropriate ways. Pieces of the Mosaic, gathered by adults and children, form the basis for Stage Two. Combining the narratives and images of these individual pieces brings a greater level of understanding about young childrens priorities. By looking at all pieces gathered in Stage One you can build a picture of what appears important, this is completed by looking at what images or narratives come up more frequently. Thus what themes appear more often are more important to the child or children involved? Another methodology could be photographs (taken by young person) cameras are a medium, which appeal to young children and provide a form of communication, which is fun. For example, allowing the children to photograph their favourite things. On a positive note, children learn and gain confidence, as they are able to engage in ways they feel comfortable and they learn new skills such as listening, reflecting on their feelings and practical skills such as using cameras. Finally, by being listened to, children may become more active participants and get more involved in activities. Negatively, children must choose to take part, otherwise it can be intrusive to tell them we are listening to you or to observe them for research purposes without first telling them. Knowledge is power by gaining further insight into the lives of the children you are working with you gain power over them, therefore critical for practitioners to be careful how they respond to what the children say. In line with the approach, the use of cameras produced data in the form of pictures; it also encourages children to think about what they are looking at and make active decisions about what they do and do not want to photograph. However, as Clark states, if there is a mismatch between the task and the ability of the parti cipants to complete the task, the data will be incomplete and some data will be missing. However, a reliance on drawings, photographs or video clips depends on several factors, not least of which is the quality of the image. The skill of the artist, photographer or camera operator can influence the final product, and further, the perspective of the participant is essential to interpreting and extending these data. (Clark, 2004, pp. 142-161). There are equally complicated issues to be negotiated when research is conducted at school, in classrooms, or even at school when children are removed from classes to participate in research. Children could downplay their responses to questions (if answering in public might impact negatively on their status with peers) when a teacher or another authority figure (perceived or imaginary) was present but exaggerate their answers when with peers. The power of the photograph as a data-collection tool appears to make much more sense if the photographi c task is aligned with an interview with the photographer. Lahman suggests allowing children to choose whether they wish to express themselves through an innovative method, some of the children we saw were keen to express themselves by drawing while others had no interest in this method of communication. (Lahman, 2008, pg 294). Other examples of methods successfully utilized with children can include photography, video, communication with toys and art. Clark (2005) advocates for combining these methods as appropriate into what she has termed the Mosaic approach. It is of note that many of these methods will not work with our youngest participants such as infants and toddlers, or children who are severally disabled. For example, Lahman stresses in her journal the diary method may not be suitable for people [children] who cannot write nor have difficulty articulating their feelings in writing (Liamputtong, 2007: 154). The use of participatory methods with young children has opened more doors to communicating. This however contradicts the myth that researchers need to simplify their approaches with young children. The research has shown that there is a need to be flexible and to think differently. The approach is one attempt to turn this upside down and begin from young childrens strengths, their knowledge and attention to detail and visual, as well as verbal communication. To act ethical is to act the way one acts towards people whom one respects. Major areas of consensus for ethical consideration with children include informed consent, confidentiality, access and privacy. Excessive oversight by research review boards is also an area of ethical discussion with some feeling that vulnerable groups such as children are at risk for being under researched due to unnecessary restrictions or researchers avoiding children as participants due to governmental red tape. It is assumed that researchers should bring to ethical research with children that acknowledge childrens competence. Children are smart, make sense and want to live a good life. Lahman stresses in her journal for respecting childrens expertise as an ethical and methodological stance throughout the research process. This implies the need to be flexible and reflexive regarding ethical issues over the course of the entire study. (Thomas and OKane (1998) Critically, we need to look further, however not only with the process of learning but with the framework. Within the learning frame there is a wide range of approaches or pedagogies which view children in different ways. Some researchers see these children as an empty vessel waiting to be filled up with knowledge, while within this frame children are objects into which learning is poured. This type of participatory research is a right thing to do or at least a helpful thing to do, because it is based on a positive ethical framework, supports the political impetus of childrens rights and can generate such valuable data. Arguably most importantly, researcher must make time in ones research design to simply be with children. With time ethical consideration may be enacted reflexively. When we have multiple episodes upon which to draw, it becomes possible. Innovative methods rest on relationships and are not conducted frivolously, and children can demonstrate their true expertise as collaborators. Researchers should not stop attempting to form meaningful relationships with the children they research. Indeed, if we reflect overly long on this issue, the danger becomes one may say, then why bother? It is hoped that researchers are drawn to studying children through some sense of desiring to see the world through childrens eyes, attempting to improve children lives, and simply experiencing joy when with children. A multi-method, participatory approach, time consuming though it is, enables children with different skills and personalities to contribute their experiences. This can be applied to older children including those with special needs. The tools you choose to use can be altered according to the children you are working with. The philosophy behind the approach, children as experts in their own lives can apply to children of all ages. The Government Green paper, Every Child Matters states that the involvement of children and young people is crucial if services are to be improved. Core principles for increasing the involvement of children have been introduced, which all Government departments are expected to follow, and are not bound by a lower age limit of children who should be consulted. However, younger children may be highlighted as one group that face barriers to being involved. Therefore, a proactive approach in crucial towards involving younger children. However, we caution against the assumption that this approach necessarily produces better research data and, indeed if participants are fully involved in all dissemination there is a risk of portraying rather sanitised research results. We warn that researchers must anticipate ethical and practical implications and maintain a reflexive awareness of how power differences interplay in sometimes surprising ways. To conduct research we must not hide behind bland statements that research was participatory, without including in our analysis the theoretical framework in which the participation sits and how the participation has impacted on the claims made for, and from, the research. There is no one research tool best suited to gaining childrens opinions as researchers deploy a wide range of interconnected methods and ultimately, always seeking better ways to make more understandable the experiences they have studied. However, it is crucial for researchers to avoid getting caught up in a method for method sake. Researchers need to develop interesting methods to engage children, while at the same time avoid a gimmick approach. There are some conventional methods that can be alienating for some vulnerable children and therefore, essential researchers adopt alternative approaches. Word Count:

Solution To Hanjin Problems Information Technology Essay

Solution To Hanjin Problems Information Technology Essay Shipping by its nature is a very competitive and a very complex industry. Martin Stopford, 1997 Shipping companies have to operate on a global scale and manage offices all around the world and work with a diverse work force. Merchant shipping is one of the most highly regulated industries in the world. Hence information systems play a very important role in the management of the shipping company. In this essay we will analyse a case study of how Hanjin shipping used information systems grow as a leading shipping company. Hanjin is a global transportation and Logistics Company. (Hanjin shipping, 2010).The company operates around 200 ships, mainly container vessels, gas tankers and bulk carriers. Hanjin ships are trading worldwide. Hanjin transport cargo to more than 100million tons a year to 6000 destinations worldwide. (Hanjin shipping, 2010) Companys sales network includes 200 international branch offices and 30 corporations. Over all the company is expanding rapidly on a global sca le and is also venturing into new shipping related business. Business problems Hanjin was increasing its global operations by opening new container terminals, buying new large ships, going in alliance with container lines. Hanjin lacked the logistics required to be competent in the container industry. Its 10 year old ERP systems lacked functionality and flexibility required to operate such a complex and big organisation (Oracle 2008). Hanjin understood that without end to end logistics solutions they cannot compete in container business. Hanjin also faced problems controlling procurement costs and to meet the global regulatory requirements (Oracle 2008). The data collection system was done manually and hence it was time consuming and prone to errors. Hanjin have a work force of around 4000 which are employed all around the world. It was increasing difficult for Hanjin to manage such a large and diverse work force. Solution to Hanjin problems As a solution to the problems Hanjin was facing due to its global expansion it decided to launch Process innovation project. The process innovation purpose was to establish advanced management structure and strengthening its organisational capabilities. (Sustainability report, 2006). The project applied to business process and organization structure as well as the corporate cultures based on adopting the advanced IT infrastructure. (Sustainability report, 2006, p.27). Hanjin decided to re-engineer their business process using best practice models for their ERP systems so as to gain global competitiveness. This system was going to be a long term solution, it will not directly show on balance sheet but it will be platform for launching new business projects (Business report 2006). Hanjin also decided to shift to customer based business by ensuring good service and increased customer satisfaction. Process Innovation Project The process innovation project team was assembled in October 2004 and then they spent 5 months for mapping the new systems and the process. The project will be implemented gradually on a step by step basis. The process innovation project was to be implemented during a period of 3 years. Source: (Hanjin Sustainability report, 2008, pg.27) The main aim of process innovation was to be customer centred and a profitability oriented management company. The information system used to re-in force the organisational capabilities and will prepare the management to be more customers focused. The information system development contracts were given to companies which were best in the business (Oracle, 2008). ERP was given to ORACLE while others were given to Siebel and Hyperion. During the process of project Oracle acquired Siebel and Hyperion which resulted in seamless integration and customer support. (Oracle, 2008). Information Systems (ERP) Enterprise Resource planning: Enterprise system integrates the key business processes into single system. In this system the flow of information is seamless throughout the organisation (Laudon laudon, 2007). Hanjins Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Internal system Internal system Source: Author generated Hanjin integrated business process such as finance and accounting, capital asset planning, human resource, procurement process. They used these for smooth flow of information in their internal system. The companys senior management was involved in the projects implementation. The Managing director and CIO of Hanjin Shipping said that To improve our global competitiveness, we needed an IT solution that supported extensive process reengineering (Oracle, 2008, pg.1). Hanjin decided to invest about 57.7 million USD on this project. They standardised the management and data collections methods, restructured the flow of data between their business systems and prepared a dictionary so as to make it easier for the staff to follow new system. As the system was implemented on a step by step basis, gradually the staff could see the benefits of the system and they were not resilient to changes, but they were will to share information in between different divisions. Company also adopted other bes t practice guidelines such as training and educating the staff, use of software support and maintenance. Benefits of Information system Source: (Hanjin Sustainability report, 2008, pg.27) The above diagram is explained using the generic model of 6Cs for explaining business benefits. Lower Cost: The e-sourcing system assisted them to procure products from a list of suppliers and they were benefited from competitive pricing which resulted in procurement costs. Cost saving per customer was increased due to increased efficiency (Oracle, 2008). Improved Communication: As the data was consolidated into a single system, hence staff gained an integrated view of operations (Oracle, 2008). Improved Management Control: New ERP systems and re-engineering process helped in improved business management. This gave the managers a complete view of the companys operations and also equipped the staff with detailed information they required to plan, execute and evaluate complex initiatives. The managers were also able to make decisions and ensure problems were addressed immediately. Performance evaluation was easier and could be easily done on a global basis and medium and long term strategy planning could be done due to data availability. (Oracle, 2008) New Capability: HR platform helped in improving the efficiency of the department. The new system helped the managers to view complete history of the staff and also discard applications. This resulted in increased efficiency of HR staff which could focus more on attracting and retaining skilled employees and also train them. (Oracle, 2008) Improved Customer Service: Due to its service network it could respond faster to customers demands. Detailed sales and marketing plans could be developed. (Oracle, 2008) Competitive Advantage: Hanjin got the recognition of a reliable logistics partner. (Sustainability report, 2008). In April 2008 Hanjin got the highest awards in logistics in Korea. (Sustainability report, 2008). Future business plans The project improved the overall performance of the company process. In future company aims to invest more in their IT systems which aims to complement their management systems as well as front office work. (Business report 2007). As the internal system implementation was completed the company now is ready to develop shipping/logistics related business which will become the companys next driving forces. Banking on their internal system they are stepping closer to become a Global logistics company. They are also planning to expand its 3PL (3rd party logistics) business by extending its global network (Hanjin Shipping, 2008). In line with their Process Innovation project they have also launched another project Knowledge management. (Sustainability report, 2008) Conclusion: The project taken by Hanjin to rebuild its business process by the use of information systems was strategically very important. Hanjin is a global organisation with different functions, organisational levels and many business processes; hence ERP system was the correct choice of information system. This project became the base to implement advance business process which complement their information systems and also increase the efficiency of the company. It helped the company to be more customers focused which is a key strategy in current times. They could venture into new aspects of business such as logistics. The selection of Oracle and Siebel was also correct because they were the best in the business. Hanjin made correct decision by integrating all systems together. The acquisition of Siebel and Hyperion by Oracle ensured that the systems have seamless integration and continuous support. The information systems which they used were in line with their business strategies which res ulted in success of the project.

The Profession of Registered Nursing Essay -- Nursing, healthcare, inf

The world is filled with many different types of professional people that help maintain our health status. Registered nurses are one of these important professional people that take care of the sick and maintain health all around the world and in our community. Registered nurses also work to prevent disease , to educate the public about health issues , to enhance public health , and to help support ill patients both physically and mentally. In this essay I will describe and explain what is a registered nurse, education and certification, employment, and professional activities. Registered nurses are licensed by the state in which he or she practices after completing certain training and education. The three educational paths to registered nursing are bachelor’s degree, an associate degree, and a diploma from a approved nursing program. Registered nurses are used mostly everywhere because they are present when doctors cannot assist you immediately and they can prescribe medication. Registered nurses regardless of specialty or work setting, monitor all aspects of patient care including diet and physical activities, and provide advice and emotional support to patients and family members. And most of the places they work include family practices , adult practices , women’s health , pediatrics , acute care and gerontology. Registered nurses work under pressure everyday to treat life conditions such as accidents , heart attacks and strokes. Registered nurses also take care for patients in critical condition , or illness , and they must be able to recognize life threatening problems quickly and assist a patient with care . Registered nurses may suffer from stresses and burnout caused by shift , night work ... ... S. (2011). Development Across the life span. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Haroun, J. M. (2011). INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE SECOND EDITION. New York: Delmar Cengage Learning. Marieb, E. N. (2011). Human anatomy and Physiology seventh edition. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Prabhupada, A. B. (2011). THE SCIENCE OF SELF REALIZATION. California: The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. (2011, March 5). Retrieved March 5, 2011, from BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS: www.bls.gov Whitney, E. (2011). UNDERSTANDING NUTRITION. Ohio: Cengage Learning. Education-portal. (2010). Private Universities in Florida. Retrieved from: http://education-portal.com/private_universities_in_florida.html eHow. (2010). Catholic Hospice, Inc. Retrieved from: http://www.ehow.com/about 5098909 florida-rn-license-requirements.html

Schone Madonna :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schone Madonna is a German term meaning â€Å"Beautiful Madonna†. This image possibly originated as a response to new ways to practice religion, and in particular, worship of the Virgin in a more personal manner. Three examples of this representation include the Roudnice Madonna, the Madonna of Krumau, and the Jihlava Pieta.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Roudnice Madonna, a 35 1/2† x 26 1/4† panel constructed in approximately 1400, effectively shows the focus on amore soft and attractive Mary than seen in previous depictions. Using chiaroscuro, the artist modeled a beautiful face for the Virgin. The Christ child is more at ease than ever, relaxing comfortably with his mother. The drapery of the Virgin’s gown, similarly seen on the statues of this type, are full and rhythmic, extending to the wrist. This image of Mary is considered to be the finest image developed by the Bohemian sculptors, likely created for South Bohemian courts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This new Madonna developed roots from the intense level of worship for the Virgin Mary at this time in history in Europe. There was a new desire to show this idol as a beautiful princess, not as a humble servant or out-of-reach queen. The Schone Madonna became the Bohemian feminine ideal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The three basic prototypes for the â€Å"Beautiful Madonna†, Krumau, Thorn, and Breslau, are all very similar, with graceful postures, made of the same material, approximately the same height, and around the same time period. Of these, the Madonna of Krumau is considered the best and most famous. A stone sculpture, 4’3†, dating to approximately 1390-1400, it was created by a Bohemian artist who focused on Schone Madonna figures. This piece â€Å"embodies the beau ideal as the chaste princess of the Late Gothic age.† (p.31 textbook) Mary has a poised head on a long neck emerging from narrow shoulders, with a charming face and high forehead. Her long fingers gently, but firmly grasp her young son, while he makes eye contact with the viewer. The Madonna’s drapery is poetic in abstraction, a Schone Madonna style characteristic. The gentle â€Å"S† curve of her body allows for elegant cascades of draped cloth. (p. 31 textbook)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jihlava Pieta was sculpted of stone by a Bohemian artist around 1400-1410. This composition is formed by a seated Madonna, and the diagonal is marked by a rigid Christ. (p. 32 textbook) Mary almost looks happy to see her once suffering son dead, and this is somewhat disturbing. Schone Madonna :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schone Madonna is a German term meaning â€Å"Beautiful Madonna†. This image possibly originated as a response to new ways to practice religion, and in particular, worship of the Virgin in a more personal manner. Three examples of this representation include the Roudnice Madonna, the Madonna of Krumau, and the Jihlava Pieta.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Roudnice Madonna, a 35 1/2† x 26 1/4† panel constructed in approximately 1400, effectively shows the focus on amore soft and attractive Mary than seen in previous depictions. Using chiaroscuro, the artist modeled a beautiful face for the Virgin. The Christ child is more at ease than ever, relaxing comfortably with his mother. The drapery of the Virgin’s gown, similarly seen on the statues of this type, are full and rhythmic, extending to the wrist. This image of Mary is considered to be the finest image developed by the Bohemian sculptors, likely created for South Bohemian courts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This new Madonna developed roots from the intense level of worship for the Virgin Mary at this time in history in Europe. There was a new desire to show this idol as a beautiful princess, not as a humble servant or out-of-reach queen. The Schone Madonna became the Bohemian feminine ideal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The three basic prototypes for the â€Å"Beautiful Madonna†, Krumau, Thorn, and Breslau, are all very similar, with graceful postures, made of the same material, approximately the same height, and around the same time period. Of these, the Madonna of Krumau is considered the best and most famous. A stone sculpture, 4’3†, dating to approximately 1390-1400, it was created by a Bohemian artist who focused on Schone Madonna figures. This piece â€Å"embodies the beau ideal as the chaste princess of the Late Gothic age.† (p.31 textbook) Mary has a poised head on a long neck emerging from narrow shoulders, with a charming face and high forehead. Her long fingers gently, but firmly grasp her young son, while he makes eye contact with the viewer. The Madonna’s drapery is poetic in abstraction, a Schone Madonna style characteristic. The gentle â€Å"S† curve of her body allows for elegant cascades of draped cloth. (p. 31 textbook)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jihlava Pieta was sculpted of stone by a Bohemian artist around 1400-1410. This composition is formed by a seated Madonna, and the diagonal is marked by a rigid Christ. (p. 32 textbook) Mary almost looks happy to see her once suffering son dead, and this is somewhat disturbing.

rite of passage Essays -- essays research papers

All people have an experience of  ¡Ã‚ °Rite of Passage ¡Ã‚ ± because it is necessary to be an adult. What is Rite of Passage? It means a ritual or ceremony signifying an event in a person's life indicative of a transition from one stage to another, as from adolescence to adulthood. In the story  ¡Ã‚ °Barn Burning ¡Ã‚ ± by William Faulkner, Sarty, who was the son of barn burner- Abner Snopes, he experienced his Rite of Passage at the end of the story. Although his decision leads to his father ¡Ã‚ ¯s death, it helps him to independent from his father. I think he made the correct decision not only for himself, but also for his family and society. First, his decision is for himself- Sarty. His father, Abner Snopes, always affects him in terrible ways. Not only his father forces him to listen to his own rules, but also he makes him to lie to people and society to protect him. At the beginning of the story, it starts in the courtroom because his father is accused of burning a neighbor ¡Ã‚ ¯s barn. Sarty is called to the stand, but because the plaintiff is finally unwilling to force him to testify against his own father, the case is closed, and the father, Abner Snopes, is advised to leave that town. Back in the courtroom, his father warns his son,  ¡Ã‚ °You got to learn to stick to your own blood or you ain ¡Ã‚ ¯t going to have any blood to stick to you. ¡Ã‚ ± He lies to save his father from the society, even though Sarty knows his father is wrong. Not only his father can ¡Ã‚ ¯t fit into the society, but also he made hi...

Effects of Autism

AUTISM ESSAY Name:Cloleisha Ottey Group:M1 Date:April 11, 2013 Lecturer:Miss. M. East Assignment:Three Autism and its Effects Autism is a syndrome characterized by issues in communication and social interaction and is diagnosed at the latest three years in a child’s life. Autism is also called Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and includes a broad range of disabilities such as Asperger Syndrome, Rett’s Syndrome (almost exclusively affects females) and Pervasive Development Disorder.There are varying degrees of the disorder from low-functioning (no communication) to high-functioning (some communication and inappropriate but existent social skills). The characteristics also vary and present themselves socially (resistance to being held or touched), linguistically (makes verbal sounds while listening-echolalia), behaviorally (obsessions with objects, ideas or desires. ), emotionally (resists change in the environment (people, places, objects). ) and physically (unusual gait. ) in the child’s life. With an individual dealing with so much, how does it affect the family structure?I will be exploring the implications of the effects of Autism for the individual, parents and siblings. The life of an Autistic child is overwhelming. Carly a fourteen year old, when she was finally able to communicate in a way the world could understand expressed what it feels like being Autistic. After eleven years of silence she ran up to a computer and entered her first word â€Å"hurt†, her second word was â€Å"help†. She expressed how much she would love to be like other children but she can’t help but be herself. She explained the reason for her constant rocking, not wanting to be touched and banging her head.She said it felt like a thousand ants were crawling over her body, her feet felt like they were on fire and if she didn’t bang her head she felt like she would explode. For years she understood what was being said around/about her bu t had no way of expressing herself. Autistic children, who are not able to communicate like Carly, go through this overload of sensory input that drives them nuts. Not being able to communicate to their parents that the sound is too loud, or the light is too bright becomes frustrating. They are treated as if they are dumb and do not understand what is being said when that is far from the truth.Many children who have been diagnosed as being Autistic have been found to be dual exceptional, which means having a disability but are also being a gifted child. One of the most difficult things a parent can experience is not being able to understand what their child needs. Raising a child who does not speak or express themselves in a way you can understand is heart wrenching, especially when they are experiencing pain and you do not know where it hurts or what the symptoms are-helplessness is painful. Not knowing why they hurt themselves, scream, pull away when you touch them or say the thin gs they say.However, parents must remember that, despite the diagnosis their child is the same person that they have always  been. The only difference is that they know now what condition they have and can begin to help them to maximize their potential and to live life to the fullest. Parents often feel like failures and blame themselves for the diagnosis. It is reported that 80% of marriages end in divorce when a child is diagnosed with Autism, leaving the mothers to deal with the day to day stresses of raising a child with a disability. They constantly ask â€Å"Was it that one drink? or â€Å"Was it that fall I didn’t tell anyone about? † Another implication for parents of Autistic children is the cost of care which does not come cheap. In a country like Jamaica where health care for disability cases is not predominant – it costs an arm and a leg, approximately US$40,000-$70,000 per year (as per the Autism Center of Montego Bay). Parents have to ensure tha t their Autistic child gets physical, occupational and speech therapies as early intervention and lifelong therapies to improve the skills they already possess and to not lose what they have gained.Parents may feel that their child with autism takes a lot of their time and attention – siblings feel this way too. Parents often think that because their other child/children are not suffering from this diagnosis or any other major ailment and are for want of a better word â€Å"normal†- they do not need time with them. Siblings will go out of their way to be noticed by their parents by getting in trouble at school, rebelling and some are left to raise themselves. Siblings like for parents to make time for them when possible to listen to the things that are important to them.It may help to do some activities separately in the family, if you can. Parents need to find out what the child would like them to do together, make a date and keep it. While they are out let it be abou t the child, do not bring up the Autistic sibling. However, siblings may benefit from having time to themselves, for example occasional breaks like  sleepovers at friends’ homes. They also need to be able to bring their own friends home and enjoy themselves without interruption, where possible. Try to listen to siblings' worries and concerns – but also their ideas.Older children may have good ideas about how best to manage certain situations. If they have a good relationship with their brother or sister, they may be able to ask them to do things that the parent can’t. The future is a concern for siblings. At some point,  it may help to talk  with them about who is expected to care for their brother or sister when they are older. There has been an increase in Autism cases, according to the Director of the Montego Bay Autism Center on April 2, 2013. To combat the rise each supporting entity (parents and siblings) must have an air of patience.The Autistic chi ld cannot help but be who they are, so parents and siblings have to rise to the occasion and be advocates. Understanding, supporting and educating are a few of the ways to show that Autistic life – is still a life. Autism has a wide effect and often has negative implications, however, the positive implications outweigh them. Reference 1. Stanley, G. I and Tippy G. November 2, 2011. Respecting Autism: The Rebecca School DIR Casebook for Parents and Professionals. Vantage Press. 2. http://readingroom. mindspec. org/? page_id=6203;gclid=CPjI2ub0wrYCFRMKnAodylsABQ. Autism Profile. March 15, 2013. Autism Reading Room.

Imprisonment became widespread in the United States Essay

The United States has a big prison population because laws were designed to stop drug traffickers caught small-time dealers. Crime is defined as an act that the law makes punishable and it’s often called an offense. A form of punishment would be incarceration. Incarceration action is the act of placing someone in prison. It serves as a form of punishment for criminals due to their actions towards the law. They take their freedom. As the United States incarceration rate continues to increase more people are locked behind bars. They are constantly being watched over with no privacy. Imprisonment as a form of criminal punishment only became widespread in the United States just before the American Revolution. America has around 5% of the world’s population and 25% are prisoners. Since 1980, the number of increased citizens in the United States has more than quadrupled. More than out of a 100 citizens are locked behind bars and because of This America is known for having the largest prison population in the world. The first prisons in the independent United States were established as †penitentiaries† to represent their prisoners as religious † penitents,† serving time for their sins. Early penitentiaries gained national and international attention for their high goals of perfecting society through incarceration. However, they soon became as overcrowded. This past July in the speech to the NAACP, President Obama stated that the real reason why the U.S prison population is so high is that over the last decade they have locked up more no nviolent drug offenders than ever before. Guns, violent crimes, and punishments are pressing issues in the United States. The relationship between these three issues is that they are all debatable and provoke the proper role of guns in American society. In state courts in the mid-1990’s the average year’s sentence to a gun, offenders average up to four years. They are punished in many different ways once they are initially arrested. By the late 19th Century, outrage over prison conditions led to the †reformatory† movement, which attempted to redefine prison’s role as that of † reforming† inmates into model citizens, by providing education, work, and counseling. Rehabilitation is the act of restoring something to its original state. The goal of rehabilitation is to help people learn how to care for a body that How works differently, maintain a high level of health and restore oneself. The rehabilitation of offenders is a key feature of the modern UK system. Rehab is the only place where patients receive the proper treatment for their mental illness that causes or contributes to their addiction. Some people may feel that if you commit a crime you must be punished but rehabilitates might disagree. The rehabilitation conveys a message that the state has an obligation to help those who fall short of the standards. Psychologically we don’t know what individuals may be going through. Not giving them a free pass and saying their right but different actions can be taken into consideration. For example, rehab is a way to help individuals to not go back and do the same thing. Depending on the type of crime committed, the convicted may get the c hoice to have a plea bargain. Retribution is a punishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong or criminal act. The purpose of retribution is active to injure criminal offenders. Retribution is at the heart of just about all judicial systems that deal with law and order. One example of retribution would be if you kill someone you will get a death penalty for it. Some people may feel that is should not be helpful and that it should treat the offending conduct as wrong. They also feel that punishing them is the best way to deal with them. Crime is the result of choices made by the individual. Retributivism recognizes the offender status by asking that they take responsibility for what they have done rather than making excuses for it. Retributivism also pushes that more serious crimes should be punished more seriously. Many people would look at retributivism as â€Å" an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth† situation. However, they just strongly believe that if you commit a crime or do wrong you must pay the consequences. Regardless if one situation is more serious than the other. In my opinion, I feel that if someone violated the law they should be dealt with accordingly. The first thing someone would think of when they do something wrong is that they are going to jail. However, that is not the only problem. I feel that race has a lot to do with it as well. This is why crime and incarceration are so big in the united states.